- The deepfake video about Kardashian's marketing comments was rated as higher quality more convincing than the video of Kardashian rapping.
- However, neither of the deepfake videos "increased the false memory rate" compared to other the formats of the news stories, indicating that even high quality deepfakes may not necessarily increase false memory rates.
- Just as in experiment 1, the format of the fake news story had no effect on how likely it was for participants to identify it as fake after being presented with a post-exposure warning.

Johns Hopkins University

- 305 participants viewed a series of the same 3 news stories, 2 of which were fake and one of which was true.
- The first fake news story was about a made-up video of Kim Kardashian rapping about her wealth, while the second fake news story was about "comments made by Kardashian about her online marketing." Both stories were presented with just text, or with an image of Kardashian or a clip of a deepfake video.
- Participants were again asked to choose from a series of responses that best aligned with how well they remembered previously hearing about the event.
- After being informed that some of the stories they had been shown were fake, participants were asked to rate the truthfulness of each story.
- After being told which videos were deepfakes, participants were asked how realistic each video was, and how much they thought people would believe the deepfakes were real.

Experiment 2 in "Deepfake False Memories" Study

Gillian Murphy & Emma Flynn (2021): Deepfake false memories, Memory, DOI:10.1080/09658211.2021.1919715

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