- Participants were more likely to report a false memory for The Shining story when it was presented alongside an image or deepfake video, rather than only text; the same did not hold true for the Barack Obama story.
- The Obama story was also identified as fake by more participants than the Shining story was; both of these stories were selected as fake at "much higher rates than any of the true stories."
- The format of the fake news story had no effect on how likely it was for participants to identify it as fake after being presented with a post-exposure warning.
- Participants mostly rated deepfake videos as dangerous and unethical, as well as supported regulation of deepfake videos.

Johns Hopkins University

- 377 participants viewed a series of the same 6 news stories, 2 of which were fake and 4 that were true.
- The first fake news story discussed Jim Carrey being cast as the protagonist in a remake of "The Shining," while the second fake news story discussed comments that Barack Obama had made about Donald Trump; both stories were either presented as just text, alongside a YouTube clip of a deepfake video, or accompanied by an image of the subject of the story.
- After viewing the news stories, participants were asked to choose from a series of responses that best matched how much they remembered previously hearing about the event.
- At the end of the study, participants were informed that some of the stories they had been shown were fake, and were asked to select which stories they thought they were fake.
- Participants were then asked if they were familiar with deepfake videos, then were asked to identify the deepfake videos used in the study. They were then asked to evaluate, on a scale of 1 to 7, how dangerous deepfake videos are, how ethical they are, and how much they should be regulated.

Experiment 1 in "Deepfake False Memories" Study

Gillian Murphy & Emma Flynn (2021): Deepfake false memories, Memory, DOI:10.1080/09658211.2021.1919715

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