Arguments pointing out the lack of evidence provided supporting the claim in question. 

University of Delaware

In this study, participants watched a conspiracy theory video and afterwards they were presented with one of two types of arguments (a third group was placed in control):
1. Factual anti-conspiracy argument.
2. Logic based anti-conspiracy argument.
Both experimental groups were less likely to believe the conspiracy theory presented in comparison to the control.
Of the two experimental conditions, the factual treatment was more effective. They suspect this is because it easier to understand when false facts are being presented than it is to recognize the issues in logic that might exist.

 Banas and Miller (2013): Types of arguments against conspiracy theories and their effectiveness

Jolley, D., Douglas, K. (2017). Prevention is better than cure: Addressing anti-vaccine conspiracy theories. Journal of Applied Social Psychology. DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12453

Prevention is better than cure: Addressing anti-vaccine conspiracy theories

Factual anti-conspiracy argument

Arguments that critique the construction of the claim in question. For example, a logic based argument could be that the claim in question is more elaborate than is necessary and that more simple, reasonable explanations are available.

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