•	The content of messages had an impact on class performance.

•	In classroom performance, media multitasking is more affected by the purpose of use than by multitasking itself.

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

(1) mild texting policy; "cell phones are strictly prohibited during class 

(2) strict cell phone policy; "students will lose 3% of their final grade each time they are caught texting"

(3) no presented texting policy; "students free to have cell phones on and text as desired"

Three different in-class texting behaviors

May, K.E., Elder, A.D. Efficient, helpful, or distracting? A literature review of media multitasking in relation to academic performance. Int J Educ Technol High Educ 15, 13 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-018-0096-z


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