In middle and late childhood (6–11 years old), children develop the capacity to follow rules for games. This ability is driven by their emerging understanding of concepts like luck and fairness.

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During middle and late childhood (6–11 years old), children experience significant cognitive expansion. Their thought processes become more logical and organized when dealing with concrete information, and they gain the ability to process complex ideas like addition and subtraction, understand cause-and-effect relationships, and plan and work toward goals using concepts of the past, present, and future.

Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Following Game Rules in Middle and Late Childhood

A key cognitive limitation in middle childhood is a limited attention span, which typically persists until around age 11. Following this age, the ability to sustain attention begins to improve and continues to develop through adulthood.

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