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Proactive interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information. Keppel and Underwood (1962) demonstrated that proactive interference affects short-term memory retention by examining the initial trials of the trigram task.

Proactive Interference in Short-Term Memory

For the past five years, you have used the same four-digit PIN for your debit card. After receiving a new card, you are required to set a new PIN. For the first few days, you find yourself repeatedly entering your old PIN by mistake when trying to use the new card. This difficulty in remembering the new PIN is a clear example of:

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