1- Substantive theory: As the data-collection becomes more focused, the researcher begins to develop more and more powerful descriptions (theories) of the domain.

2- Formal theories: External to the project but important in broader interpretations of the project, and in integrating the project’s findings into the broader research literature.


Two types of constant comparison

A.      Coding the data in greater degrees of integration, breadth, and understanding (incl. Open coding, Axial coding, Selective coding)

B.     Development of theory through memo-writing 

C.     Theoretical sampling 

D.     Constant comparison of the developing theory with the data 


Washington State University at Tri-Cities

•	Begin research with a broad, very shallow set of unorganized information

•	Reach in depth understanding through a series of disciplined procedures and narrow down the focus of information


A Synopsis of Grounded Theory Method

Muller, M. J., & Kogan, S. (2010). Grounded theory method in HCI and CSCW. Cambridge: IBM Center for Social Software, 1-46.

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