*Giardia lamblia* (also known as *G. intestinalis* or *G. duodenalis*) is a widespread flagellated protozoan pathogen within the Fornicata subgroup that lacks mitochondria and causes diarrheal illness (giardiasis). It is transmitted through fecal-contaminated water supplies, where it spreads via environmentally resistant cysts.

*Giardia lamblia*

Fornicata is a subgroup of the Excavata supergroup whose members form cysts, possess a pair of equal nuclei, lack mitochondria, are often parasitic, and have four free flagella.

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Excavata is a eukaryotic supergroup that includes primitive eukaryotes and many parasites with limited metabolic abilities. These organisms typically possess complex cell shapes and structures, often featuring a depression on the cell surface known as an excavate.

Excavata

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Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

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Fornicata

Parabasalids (Parabasalia) are a subgroup of the Excavata supergroup characterized by large, complex cell structures with undulating membranes, basal bodies, modified mitochondria (kinetoplastids), and often numerous flagella. They lack typical mitochondria and do not form cysts; many species are frequent animal endosymbionts residing in the guts of hosts like termites and cockroaches.

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans are a subgroup of the Excavata supergroup. Although some species are photosynthetic, they are not classified as algae because they are motile and ingest food.

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