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Egocentrism, a key characteristic of Piaget's preoperational stage, is the inability of a child to take another person's perspective. Children at this stage operate under the assumption that everyone else sees, thinks, and feels exactly as they do. Consequently, they are unable to infer the viewpoints of others and instead attribute their own perspective to them.

Egocentrism in the Preoperational Stage

The Three-Mountain Task is an experiment developed by Jean Piaget to assess a child's level of egocentrism. In this task, a child observes a three-dimensional model of mountains from one perspective and is then asked to describe what a person viewing the model from a different perspective would see.

Three-Mountain Task

Between the ages of 3 and 5, children develop Theory of Mind (TOM), a significant cognitive shift enabling them to understand that others have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs different from their own. This marks a departure from egocentrism and allows them to recognize that others can hold false beliefs. This developing skill has practical applications in social interactions, such as teasing others, persuading parents, or understanding a sibling's anger.

Development of Theory of Mind (Ages 3-5)

Four-year-old Maya is talking to her grandfather on the phone. When her grandfather asks to see the new drawing she made, Maya holds the picture up to the phone's receiver. Which of the following best explains Maya's action?

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