Sigmund Freud was a medical doctor, not a psychologist. At the time he received his education, degrees in psychology did not exist, which helps explain some of the controversy surrounding his psychological theories today.

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Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) was a highly influential Austrian neurologist whose foundational work significantly shaped psychology. Fascinated by patients, primarily women, who suffered from 'hysteria' and neurosis—disorders displaying a wide variety of physical and emotional symptoms with no apparent physical cause—Freud theorized that their problems originated from the unconscious mind.

Sigmund Freud

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

'A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis' is a notable book authored by Sigmund Freud.

A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis (Book)

Hysteria is an archaic medical diagnosis that was historically applied primarily to women. It was used as a label for a wide array of symptoms, including both physical ailments and emotional disturbances, for which no distinct physical cause could be identified.

Hysteria (Historical Diagnosis)

The Vienna Psychoanalytical Society served as Sigmund Freud's inner circle of colleagues. Alfred Adler, who was a colleague of Freud, served as the first president of this society before becoming the first major theorist to break away from Freud.

Vienna Psychoanalytical Society

Despite criticisms regarding their lack of falsifiability, Sigmund Freud's theories are widely taught in introductory psychology texts due to their historical significance for personality psychology and psychotherapy. Furthermore, these theories remain the root of all modern forms of therapy.

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