Participants indicated that they knew and liked their friends more than the disliked others. The trait correlations were highest among the emotional traits for the self and the liked individuals. Overall, people utilized the self-based heuristic more for the emotional terms since they are harder to infer.

Results: Self-Based Heuristic and Others; Weller and Watson (2009)

Asked participants to rate themselves, someone they like, and someone they dislike on personality traits (Big 5) and emotional traits (PANAS-X). Also looked at the degrees to which one knew and liked these individuals.

Alma College

Pertains to differences in social projection tendencies to liked others (e.g. friends, family, etc.) and disliked others (e.g. former friends, enemies, etc.).

Projection to Liked and Disliked Targets

Contains studies that used the Big 5 Personality Traits (often self-reported) in their methodology.

Studies that Utilize the Big 5 Personality Traits 

Contains examples of studies that utilized the PANAS-X in their methodology.

Studies that Utilize the PANAS-X Scale

Studies that utilize the Self-Based Heuristic include:
- Friend or Foe? Differential Use of the Self-Based Heuristic as a Function of Relationship Satisfaction

Studies That Utilize The Self-Based Heuristic

Weller, J., & Watson, D. (2009). Friend or foe? Differential use of the self‐based heuristic as a function of relationship satisfaction. Journal of personality, 77(3), 731-760.

Differential Use of the Self-Based Heuristic as a Function of Relationship Satisfaction

Asked participants to rate themselves, people they like and dislike, and people they thought they were similar to and different from on various Big 5 personality traits. Were looking to see if one's self-description was predictive of the trait ratings of another individual. 

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