- specialized cells
- synapses
- central and peripheral nervous system
- neurotransmitters
- hormones
- brain region and their specialized functions
- brain support systems

Structures of Functional Neural Anatomy

- Electroencephalogram (EEG)
- Golgi stain
- Nissl stain
- Optogenetics
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Methods of Brain Mapping

Functional connectivity (FC) is defined as the temporal coincidence of spatially distant neurophysiological events, wherein two regions are considered to show functional connectivity if there is a statistical relationship between the measures of activity recorded for them. Extensions of this include both static and dynamic FC.

Functional Connectivity

Based *only* on the information provided in this case, what is the most logical conclusion you can draw about how different abilities, like understanding language and producing speech, are organized in the brain? Explain your reasoning.

Interpreting Brain Injury Effects

Everything that defines you as a person is controlled by the neural structures within your brain and body. There are a variety of ways to identify the structures in the brain, starting with cellular and leading into major anatomical divisions. 

Grinnell College

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

Google

The study of the biological mechanisms that underlie behavior, including its physiological and anatomical foundations, is fundamental to many areas of psychology. Key areas of study include functional neural anatomy, neurophysiology, neurotransmitters and neuropharmacology, and the role of hormones and the brain.

Biological Foundations of Behavior

Breedlove, S. & Watson, N. (2017). Behavioral neuroscience, eighth edition. Oxford University Press.

Behavioral Neuroscience 8th Edition

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Hormones influence behavior, appetites, emotional levels, and aspects of aging in addition to many other behaviors and development. 


Hormones and the brain

The brain is an electrochemical system that runs on neurochemistry (neurotransmitters). The brain can be altered using neuropharmacology (drugs). 

Neurotransmitter and Neuropharmacology

The study of how information is transmitted throughout the nervous system using electrical and chemical signals.

Neurophysiology

Functional Neural Anatomy

Based on the case study provided, analyze the relationship between the location of the brain injury and the observed changes in the individual's behavior. Explain which general functions were likely disrupted, leading to these specific behavioral outcomes.

Linking Brain Injury to Behavioral Change

The relationship between the human body's inner biological mechanisms and its external expressions can be compared to a technological device. Just as a device's internal workings (such as microchips and circuits) are distinct from its external user interface, human physiological processes (such as the firing of neurons) operate differently from the observable behaviors and thoughts they produce.

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