Gathering this data is where a lot of novel computer vision techniques come into play. Determining frame-by-frame basis of player from both teams, locations, ball locations, action details, tackles, passes, direction, speed is part of this effort.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Big data has become more and more prevalent in the sports world but for some sports like soccer there isn't as much information in the data. It's difficult to quantify the skill of a team or player outside of just goals and assists so creative metrics and techniques are used to measure their performance.

Soccer Analytics

Goals in soccer can be greatly influenced by luck or random moments such as near misses, deflected shots, errors, or referees. Expected goals measures the probability that a shot will result in a goal. Factors include angle and distance to goal, current score, header or not, during a counter attack, etc. This statistic can be used to more accurately determine the performance of a team. If the score was 0-0 but the keeper's had 20 saves each, that score could have been 3-3 or more on another day.

Expected Goals

High-level game-by-game statistics that aren't directly correlated to player but possibly team. Such as line-ups, attendance of stadium, goals, cards, substitutions, etc.

Game basic statistics

Data that is dethatched from players and it more indicative of a managers performance over seasons or a teams history.

League standings and results data

Data on a players athleticism such 40-yard dash time, vertical, etc. Also, their goals scored, assists, salary, etc. All this can be used to make player driven models to determine the performance of a team as a whole.

Player details & characteristics data

Game event and tracking data

Its common for good teams to control the ball for an entire game but never score a goal. Possession models look to further quantify what kinds of possessions are actually valuable. A simple version is location-based possession value which tells you the probability of scoring based on where the ball is at that point in time. As you get closer to goal that probability increases.

https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/possession-is-the-puzzle-of-soccer-analytics-these-models-are-trying-to-solve-it/

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