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Game 1 of the Book of Why: X rightarrow A rightarrow Y and A rightarrow B
In Game 1 of the Book of Why, represented by the causal diagram X rightarrow A rightarrow Y and A rightarrow B, there are no confounders between and . The variable is associated with because it is in the X rightarrow A rightarrow B chain, and it is associated with because of the open path B leftarrow A rightarrow Y. Although is correlated with both and and is not on the causal path between them (thus passing the classical epidemiological definition of a confounder), is not a confounder because it does not causally influence .

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Game 1 of the Book of Why: X rightarrow A rightarrow Y and A rightarrow B
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