Males of all racial and ethnic groups are more likely than females to receive disciplinary sanctions.

• Only 1% of Asian Pacific Islander females were suspended, compared with 11% of Asian Pacific Islander males (KewelRamani et al., 2007).
• White females were half as likely to be expelled as White males (p < .001)
• Black females were half as likely to be expelled as Black males (p < .05)
• Black males are 16 times more likely to be suspended than White females.