- Are There Gender-Dependent Study Habits of Medical Students in Times of the World Wide Web?
- Study habits of secondary school students in relation to their socio-economic status and gender
- Study habits and academic achievement among medical students: A comparison between male and female subjects
-  Gender Roles and Study Habits
- Age and Gender Differences in Study Habits: A Framework for Proactive Counselling Against Low Academic Achievement
- Why Are Most University Students Women? Evidence Based on Academic Performance, Study Habits and Parental Influences
- Study habits of CS1 students: what do they do outside the classroom?

References on gender based study habit differences

- Females generally have better study habits than males
- Females prefer highlighting text more than males
- Females trend towards preferring small group teaching more than males
- Females trend towards preferring doing internet research more than males
- Females prefer studying in the morning while males prefer studying during the evening or at night
- Females generally study more than males per day regardless of when the exam is
- Males generally delay starting to study later than females (procrastination)
- Male traits correlate with better study strategies than female traits

Differences in study habits based on gender

females tend to have more test anxiety than males despite having better study habits. this may be due to societal norms and expectations for females vs males in that males are subject to suppress their emotions and have lower expectations compared to their female counterparts who are more emotional and the expectation that girls take school more seriously.

test anxiety based on gender

In general, men and women have differing habits when studying.

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

How students/people use educational material to learn, often with the goal of doing well on an exam or quiz.

Study habits 

Benditz, A., Pulido, L., Renkawitz, T., Schwarz, T., Grifka, J., & Weber, M. (2018). Are There Gender-Dependent Study Habits of Medical Students in Times of the World Wide Web?. BioMed Research International, 2018.

Are There Gender-Dependent Study Habits of Medical Students in Times of the World Wide Web?

Gender and study habits

Blocked studying occurs when an entire time slot is devoted to one concept/ group of information. Blocked studying allows for quicker immediate learning with less long term retention. 

Blocked Studying

A learning task that requires a considerable but desirable amount of effort, thereby improving long-term performance.

Examples:

- Interleaving Materials
- Spacing Studying
- Generation Effect
- Retrieval practice (testing)
- Varying Study Conditions

Desirable Difficulties

Pulling from the Latin roots "*pro*" (meaning forward, forth, in favor of) and "*crastinus*" (of tomorrow), procrastination is an irrational, but voluntary decision to delay an intended behavior or task.
- *Irrationality* is defined as "... choosing course of action[,] despite expecting that it will not maximize your utilities..."
- *Intended* is defined as something that one wants to interact with; the avoidance of random or irrelevant tasks would not be considered procrastination.

Procrastination

One research study published in 2018 looks at how students tend to struggle in STEM courses, especially students of underrepresented minorities (URM). This study focuses on decreasing the achievement gap between URM (Latino, African-American, and Native American students) and non-URM (white and Asian students) groups by implementing interventions that impart studying strategies, such as spacing and self-testing, to see if the students' course grades improve. The reason for this intervention is to teach students who do not know how to study on their own how to do it effectively for STEM courses. 

Study Methods of Students in STEM Courses 

Learning strategies are essentially different methods of studying or various types of study habits. Dunlosky et al. categorized each study habit into one of three utilities based on generalizability and effectiveness (if it really improves learning): high, moderate and low.

Learning Strategies

•	Wrenn Study Habits Inventory

•	The Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes (SSHA)

•	Students Attitudes Inventory (SAI)

•	Learning and Study Strategy Inventory (LASSI)


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