Male adolescents are more likely to use physical aggression, which puts them at risk for substance abuse, antisocial behavior in adulthood, and problems with parents and school. Females are more likely to experience stress and depression from interpersonal conflict, self-harm, and eating disorders.

New Mexico Highlands University

Maladaptive coping includes attack self, attack other, withdrawal, and avoidance. Adaptive coping focuses on restoring relationships. 

Coping with Shame

Paulo, M., Vagos, P., Ribeiro Da Silva, D., & Rijo, D. (2020). The role of shame and shame coping strategies on internalizing/externalizing symptoms: Differences across gender in adolescents. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17(4), 578–597. https://doi-org.proxy.wichita.edu/10.1080/17405629.2019.1682991

The role of shame and shame coping strategies on internalizing/externalizing symptoms: Differences across gender in adolescents

This includes attack self and withdrawal. These strategies are often used by those with internalizing disorders. 

Internalizing Shame Coping Strategies

Gender, and Symptoms in Response to Shame During Adolescence

This includes attack other and avoidance. These strategies can lead to externalizing disorders. External shame had a direct, positive association with all of the shame-coping strategies, and anxiety and hostility.  It also had a positive association with verbal aggression, physical aggression, and anger. 

Externalizing Shame Coping Strategies

This includes accepting that shame is a part of human life and involves rrestoring the relationship by clearing up misunderstandings and making amends.

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