As a result of their superior SDs, girls have higher GPAs compared to boys, but their superior SDs do not improve their performance on achievement tests.

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities

The performance processes used by SD researchers are aimed at coping with learning problems such as hyperactivity, a need for immediate gratification, and anxiety. As a result, students' academic performance can be adversely affected, such as procrastinating when writing and impulsive behavior when solving problems. Most of these problems resulted from defensive reactions to learning problems, such as helplessness or withdrawal. To maintain their intentions and achieve their learning goals, students must control their performance and personal environments.

Previous research on self-discipline (SD) in education

Zimmerman, B., & Kitsantas, A. (2014). Comparing students’ self-discipline and self-regulation measures and their prediction of academic achievement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(2), 145-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.03.004

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