The achievement gap that exists in computer science courses between male and female students. 

Gender Gap in Computer Science Education

The achievement gap that exists in mathematics courses/math-intensive fields between male and female students.

Gender Gap In Mathematics

The achievement gap that exists in physics courses between male and female students. 

Gender Gap In Physics 

Differences in male and female academic achievement in biological and medical sciences.

Gender Gap in Biological and Medical Sciences

- Gender Gap in Computer Science Education
- Gender Gap in Mathematics
- Gender Gap in Physics
- Gender Gap in Science

San Jose State University

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Wayne State University

Gender Gap in STEM Education

Gender Gap in STEM Education - by Discipline

- Gender Gap in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) . Wang, M. T., & Degol, J. L. (2017)
- Understanding current causes of women's underrepresentation in science. Ceci, S. J., & Williams, W. M. (2011)
- Work Preferences, Life Values, and Personal Views of Top Math/Science Graduate Students. Ferriman et al. (2009)
- The gender-equality paradox in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education. Stoet, G., & Geary, D. C. (2018)
- These 10 countries are closest to achieving gender equality The World Economic Forum (2019)
- Global Gender Gap Report 2020. World Economic Forum (2020)
- Economic disparities and life satisfaction in European regions (2010)
- Social Well-Being (2014)
- Personal Well-Being (2014)
-  "Gender and Belonging in Undergraduate Computer Science: A Comparative Case Study of Student Experiences in Gateway Courses" by Benbow, R.J. & Vivyan, E. (2016)
- Understanding the gender gap: Social cognitive changes during an introductory stem course. Hardin, E.E., & Longhurst, M.O. (2016).

References for Gender Gap in STEM

- Distal social factors
- Proximal factors


Factors that Influence the Gender Gap in STEM Education 

- Women are more likely to leave the STEM majors than men. 
- Most undergraduate students leave STEM within the first two years of their degree. 
- Early research shows that negative classroom culture is the cause of why so many students leave the major. Negative classroom culture: poorly teaching styles and highly competitive environment, which therefore lead to a loss of interest in STEM and eventually causes them to leave the major (Seymour 1995). 
- However, the social cognitive career theory found that loss of interest is not a cause of negative classroom culture, rather it is influenced by the students' confidence in the ability to succeed in STEM (self-efficacy) and their outcome expectations. 

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