The risk of stuttering among first-degree biological relatives of individuals with Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder is more than three times the risk in the general population. To date, mutations of four genes that underlie some cases of stuttering have been identified. 

University of Illinois at Chicago

- Risk factors of Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder include genetic and physiological factors 
- Although stuttering can be life-long, approximately 65-85% of children recover from the dysfluency, with severity of fluency disorder at age 8 years predicting recovery or persistence into adolescence and beyond 

Risk and Prognostic Factors of Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder 

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., Text revision). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

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