DNA and rRNA sequencing are advanced genetic techniques used for identifying particular bacterial species and classifying newly discovered ones. Because many microbes lack distinguishing macroscopic features, analyzing their genetic sequences provides a definitive method for their classification.

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Modern phylogenetic analyses rely heavily on molecular genetics to determine evolutionary relationships, replacing the subjective observable characteristics used in early models. By comparing nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA] or ribonucleic acid [RNA]) or proteins among organisms, scientists can standardize taxonomy; the greater the similarity in these macromolecules, the more closely related the organisms are considered to be.

Methods of Phylogenetic Analysis

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

The gene sequences coding for small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) function as a 'living record' of the evolution of organisms. By observing genetic similarities and differences in these highly conserved sequences, scientists can accurately compare all living organisms, a method famously used by Carl Woese and George Fox to identify the distinct domain of Archaea.

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