Grandiose narcissism is associated with arrogance, entitlement, higher self-esteem, sociability, aggression, likability (at least initially), risk-taking, and a zero-sum interpersonal approach (every situation has a "winner").

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In the last twenty years, psychologists have transitioned to a more hierarchical study of narcissism composed of at least two distinct dimensions: grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism. This model provided much needed clarity between the definitions, operations, assessments, and outcomes of narcissism.

Two Factor Model of Narcissism

Miller, J. D., Back, M. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2021). Corrigendum: Narcissism Today: What We Know and What We Need to Learn. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(6), 519–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214221086630

Narcissism Today: What We Know and What We Need to Learn

Grandiose Narcissism

Vulnerable narcissism is associated with egocentrism, low and variable self-esteem, distrust of other people, enduring negative affectivity, and social isolation.

Vulnerable Narcissism

As traits both of these dimensions coexist in the same individual, but they function quite differently in the moment. For most narcissists, both grandiosity and vulnerability tend to fluctuate significantly from moment to moment. However, individuals that score higher in dispositional narcissism are likely to fluctuate more between the two dimensions.

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