- Alzheimer's disease is a progressive chronic disease. It's "a type of dementia that affects memory, thinking and behavior"; over time, these symptoms progressively interfere with daily tasks.
- It's the 6th leading cause of death. Current treatments can alleviate the symptoms but can't stop the progression of Alzheimer's.

Alzheimer's Disease

- Caused by degradation of cells containing dopamine that project on basal ganglia cells 
- Symptoms include tremors during periods of stagnation, loss of facial muscle tone, rigid muscles, and decreased voluntary movement
- Disease usually not inherited, but there are some defective genes that can be inherited, including a-synuclein (protein normally found in basal ganglia cells) and parkin

Parkinson's Disease

- Brand Name(s): Elixophyllin, Elixophylline, Pukmophyllin, Quibron-T, Theo-24, Theolair, Uniphyl
- Indication: Treatment of asthma, COPD, and bronchospasm
- Class: Bronchodilator
- Mechanism: Theophylline is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor with bronchodilatory effects and anti-inflammatory properties. It relaxes the smooth muscle of the airways and lung blood vessels and diminishes the response of the lungs to allergens, histamine, and adenosine (inflammatory mediators). 
- Common AEs: dizziness, fainting, nausea, vomiting, rapid pulse, heart arrhythmias, chest pain 
- Drug-Drug Interactions: Moderate drug interactions with esomeprazole, albuterol, etc.
- Safety and Efficacy: Use in COVID-19 patients associated with a higher ROX or ratio of oxygen saturation score, a lower mortality rate, and lower C reactive protein values indicating less inflammation in the body. Data supports testing of the drug in clinical trials.

Theophylline 

Most commonly used in Brazil, guarana seeds are prepared into a paste that is used to make supplements and caffeinated beverages. The substance has shown nootropic and anxiolytic effects in mouse studies, indicating promise as a treatment for cognitive deterioration in cases of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc. However, it may not be safe to consume for individuals with certain medical conditions or who take medications like theophylline.

Kalamazoo College

- Ginseng (Panax ginseng)
- Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
- Asiatic Pennywort (Centella asiatica)
- Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
- Water Hyssop (Bacopa monnieri)
- Guarana (Paullinia cupana)
- Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus)
- Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea)
- Schisandra (Schisandra chinensis)
- Maca (Lepidium meyenii)

Plants with Potential Nootropic Effects

Malík, M., & Tlustoš, P. (2022). Nootropics as cognitive enhancers: Types, dosage and side effects of smart drugs. Nutrients, 14(16), 3367. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163367

Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs

Ginkgo biloba is used in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for symptoms of dementia and for its supposed nootropic effects. Although research supporting its positive effect on cognitive function is limited and unclear, the supplement is generally well-tolerated and safe to use in most populations, barring those with bleeding disorders. 

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)

Maca root is prepared and consumed in a number of ways in South America, and has been shown in mice studies to demonstrate neuroprotective effects which are thought to aid against cognitive deterioration over time. In humans, it has been found to be safe and well-tolerated.

Maca (Lepidium meyenii)

Centella asiatica is prepared, consumed, and utilized in multiple ways for its strong antioxidant properties. Due to this and its purported nootropic and anxiolytic effects, it is used in traditional medicine and is thought to show promise in treating illnesses like Alzheimer's disease. Though generally well-tolerated, it is not recommended to be used orally by children, pregnant individuals, or breastfeeding individuals.

Asiatic Pennywort (Centella asiatica)

Ashwagandha's roots and leaves are thought to have nootropic and sedative effects, in addition to some animal studies showing promise for it as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease and tardive dyskinesia. However, its fruit has emetic properties and overconsumption of the plant may lead to gastrointestinal distress. Though mostly safe, it is not recommended for individuals who are pregnant or dealing with hyperthyroidism. 

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)

Bacopa monnieri, sometimes used in cooking, has strong antioxidant properties. Some believe that it may be a promising treatment for Alzheimer's disease as rat studies have demonstrated potential nootropic and neuroprotective effects of the plant extract. It is generally well-tolerated and reported side effects are mild.

Water Hyssop (Bacopa monnieri)

 Guarana (Paullinia cupana)

Also known as Siberian ginseng, eleuthero root is used as an herbal medicine that is thought to have detoxifying, antioxidant, and antiradical properties, in addition to showing some promise in mouse studies in improving memory. Though generally well-tolerated, it is not suitable for use by those with high blood pressure.

Eleuthero (Eleutherococcus senticosus)

Rhodiola's plant extract has demonstrated neuroprotective effects. Likewise, human trials have indicated its potential benefit in treating anxiety, depression, and other mood-related issues, and mouse studies have confirmed these antidepressant and anxiolytic effects in addition to potential stimulant and adaptogen properties. However, it is not recommended for many groups of people, such as those with hypertension or certain psychotic disorders, pregnant and breastfeeding individuals, and children. 

Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea)

Schisandra's seeds and fruits are prepared in a variety of ways, often consumed as a drink for its stimulant effects. One component of the plant, schisantherin A, has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective effects in mouse studies and may be promising in treating symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease. Though generally well-tolerated, overconsumption may lead to insomnia. 

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