How students/people use educational material to learn, often with the goal of doing well on an exam or quiz.

Study habits 

Explanatory style refers to an individual's habitual way of explaining the bad events that happen to them. People with a more pessimistic explanatory style tend to blame themselves and expect long-term negative consequences that affect many aspects of their lives. In contrast, those with a more optimistic explanatory style tend to blame outside forces and expect limited negative consequences.

Explanatory Style

Habits References

Habits form by repeating behaviors or actions after certain contextual cues. In repeating these actions, dependence on conscious motivation for performing the actions is reduced. The consistent repetition of actions over the period of 60+ days forms habits.

Formation of Habits

The brain can compress a sequence of actions into an automatic routine.  The sequence is converted after a series of encounters with recurring cues (trigger, context), a routine (the behavior) and then rewards (reinforcement).

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Small units (i.e. words, actions) can be grouped together based on associations to form larger units that are easy to remember.

Chunking

Duhigg, Charles. The Power of Habit: Why We Do What We Do in Life and Business. Anchor Canada, 2014. 

The Power of Habit by Charles Duhigg

Group of elements that are associated with eachother but lack association with elements in other chunks

Chunks (memory)

Habits ( Behavioral chunking )

Separating paragraphs in a passage into even smaller units based on ideas, concepts, or syntax to improve reading comprehension. Most of the time, text segmentation refers to breaking down sentences into phrases to help with understanding, especially for younger students and students with disabilities. 

Text Segmentation

- Defined by Foster in 1970 as the “presenting, at rapid rates, single words to a stationary position in the viewing field.” 
- Experiments have tested presenting texts of different lengths (i.e. one word, one sentence, small chunks of text) and durations
- In general, “RSVP involves successive presentation of small units of text to a viewer. The units of text usually do not exceed a single line and are normally presented for a preselected amount of time.” 

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP)

Chunking is also a reading strategy that has been found to have positive effects for improving reading comprehension. 

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