- Crowdsourcing (level 1): citizens help with computing or act as sensors
- Distributed intelligence (level 2): citizens master basic skills in order to then gather and analyze data
- Participatory science (level 3): scientists and citizens come to joint decisions about research questions and data collection
- Collaborative science (level 4): citizens (and all stakeholders) are completely involved in each stage of research


University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Roy et al. (2012), Wiggins & Crownston (2011), and Haklay (2012)

Three taxonomies of citizen science

Den Broeder, L., Devilee, J., Van Oers, H., Schuit, A. J., & Wagemakers, A. (2018). Citizen Science for public health. Health promotion international, 33(3), 505–514. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daw086

Citizen Science for public health

- Amount and distribution of participants
- Thoroughness (contribution of resources and time)
- Contributory (experts in charge), community-led, or co-created

Roy et al. (2012) categorize projects by

- Action: scientists and citizens work together to tackle local problems
- Conservation: managing natural resources
- Investigation: exploring scientific ideas
- Virtual: done virtually
- Education: work towards increasing the public’s knowledge


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