As the term indicates, health misinformation is misinformation related to health. Themes might be viruses, food safety, nutrition and vaccinations (Bode & Vraga, 2018; Chen et al., 2018; Lazer et al., 2018; Lewandowsky et al., 2012; Oh & Lee, 2019). These  misinformation can negatively affect people’s health behaviors (Chou et al., 2018; Oh & Lee, 2019). 

Health misinformation

Coined by Gonzalez et al. (2020), health information brokering and searching is the process of bilingual family members (usually children) finding, comprehending, and translating information from online sources to help English Language Learning (ELL) relatives reach health care services, learn about health behaviors, and navigate online health content, also known as eHealth sources. 
Searching for this information requires a degree of English proficiency and education, so children use this inter-generational communication process to bridge gaps in understanding for family members.

Information Brokering and Searching

Some strategies used by health psychologists and other professionals for increasing literacy rates among patients and populations include:
- Education
- Outreach
- Public health campaigns 

Promoting Health Literacy

Functional health literacy describes the basic knowledge and skills in health including literacy and numeracy skills to process health information such as reading food labels. Regarding weight loss, high functional health literacy has been linked to lower BMIs.

Functional Health Literacy

Interactive health literacy describes the ability to apply the knowledge through supportive relationships, which could include accessing health services and support, the ability to engage healthcare professionals to manage health and having social support for health. 

Inadequate, inconsistent, and dismissive care can lead to isolation and attrition.

Interactive Health Literacy

Critical health literacy builds on functional and interactive health literacies to advocate for individual and social health, such as making shared decisions on one’s health with health professionals. Partnership and personalization of health plans are critical to adherence. 

Critical Health Literacy

An individual or group's capacity to search for, understand, and incorporate health behaviors and resources into their lives. High literacy increases self-efficacy and adherence to healthy lifestyle changes, whereas low literacy can impede access to medical care and accurate information. 
The 3 main categories of health literacy are: functional, interactive and critical health literacy.

Grand Valley State University

Health promotion, an interdisciplinary individual or large-scale behavior intervention with the purpose of increasing accessibility to community health resources by addressing social and societal determinants of health, focuses on the following topics:

•Health Policy 

•Health Literacy 

•Developing Healthy Communities and Settings


Health Promotion and Population Interventions

A critical consumer of health information uses their knowledge of empirical evidence and discernment to identify accurate and useful information. Both media and health literacy are important to make informed decisions about healthcare. 

Critical Consumption of Health Media

- Feeling overwhelmed due to lack of health literacy or self-efficacy
- Mental health comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, and BDD
- Psychological distress in response to symptoms

Barriers to Psychological Capability in PCOS

World Health Organization. (2019, November 15). Health promotion. Who.int. https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-promotion#tab=tab_1
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Health Promotion

Gonzalez, C., Bollinger, B., Yip, J., Pina, L., Roldan, W., & Nieto Ruiz, C. (2020). Intergenerational Online Health Information Searching and Brokering: Framing Health Literacy as a Family Asset. Health Communication, 37(4), 438–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1847445

Intergenerational Online Health Information Searching and Brokering: Framing Health Literacy as a Family Asset

Health Literacy 

Mistrust in the safety, effectiveness, and/or ethics surrounding modern immunization practices developed in most recent medical advances.

Vaccine Hesitancy

Policy is a set of guidelines regulated by the political system that determines the decisions, goals, and actions of healthcare institutions to address public health issues and promote wellness. Regulations are informed and shaped by researchers, lobbyists, professionals, and the constituency. 

Health Policy

- Treatment Accountability for Safer Communities (TASC)

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