Learn Before
Fossil Fuel Combustion as a Driver of Modern Global Warming
Dramatic and Uneven Rise in Global Living Standards Since Ibn Battuta's Era
Comparing GDP Per Capita Levels and Growth Rates Across Nations
The Hockey Stick Pattern in Environmental Data
Capitalism
Figure 1.1: The History's Hockey Stick Graph of GDP Per Capita
History’s Hockey Stick: Stagnant Income Before Sustained Growth
As illustrated by Figure 1.1, the 'history's hockey stick' graph shows that for most of recorded history, living standards did not grow in any sustained way. This long period of stagnation was followed by a period of sustained growth, but this turning point occurred at different times for different countries. This variation in timing is a major cause of the vast differences in living standards seen across the world today.

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Introduction to Microeconomics Course
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History’s Hockey Stick: Stagnant Income Before Sustained Growth
Capitalism, Causation, and History’s Hockey Stick
The 'Flat World' of the 14th Century: The Minor Role of Birthplace in Economic Status
Recent Economic Catch-up of Latecomer Economies (e.g., India, China, Japan)
Living Standards Visualization: Pre-1800 Limitations
Latin American Growth
China's Economic Decline
Britain's Early and Gradual 'Hockey Stick' Kink
Japan's Sharp 'Hockey Stick' Kink around 1870
Data Sources for the History's Hockey Stick Graph
History’s Hockey Stick: Stagnant Income Before Sustained Growth
Capitalism, Causation, and History’s Hockey Stick
Life Expectancy
Pre-1800 GDP Data Scarcity and Its Impact on Historical Graphs
Data Sources for the History's Hockey Stick Graph
History’s Hockey Stick: Stagnant Income Before Sustained Growth
Capitalism, Causation, and History’s Hockey Stick
Living Standards Improvements Post-Colonial Independence
Interpreting Growth Rates in Ratio Scale Graphs
GDP Per Capita
The 'Flat World' of the 14th Century: The Minor Role of Birthplace in Economic Status
India's Progress in Living Standards and Persistent Poverty (14th Century to Present)
Example: Impact of Income Inequality on Wellbeing with Constant Average Income
Recent Economic Catch-up of Latecomer Economies (e.g., India, China, Japan)
Living Standards Visualization: Pre-1800 Limitations
Intra-Country vs. Inter-Country Inequality in the 14th-17th Centuries
Limitations of GDP and GDP Per Capita as Measures of Wellbeing
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
Latin American Growth
Figure 1.1: The History's Hockey Stick Graph of GDP Per Capita
China's Economic Decline
Modern Global Wealth Hierarchy (2018): Comparisons of Japan, India, Britain, US, and Norway
Britain's Early and Gradual 'Hockey Stick' Kink
Japan's Sharp 'Hockey Stick' Kink around 1870
Pre-1800 GDP Data Scarcity and Its Impact on Historical Graphs
Data Sources for the History's Hockey Stick Graph
History’s Hockey Stick: Stagnant Income Before Sustained Growth
Capitalism, Causation, and History’s Hockey Stick
Data Sources for the History's Hockey Stick Graph
History’s Hockey Stick: Stagnant Income Before Sustained Growth
Capitalism, Causation, and History’s Hockey Stick
Anti-Capitalist Politics
Decentralization in a Capitalist System
How does competition in markets affect individuals and owners in a capitalist system?
Success of the Capitalist Economic System
Political Conditions in a Capitalist Economy
Parts and Development of the Capitalist Economic System
Centralization in a Capitalist System
Understanding the Definition of Capitalism
Capitalist revolution
What is a key feature of capitalism as an economic system?
In a capitalist system, who operates the privately owned capital goods?
What does capitalism as an economic system combine?
Data Sources for the History's Hockey Stick Graph
History’s Hockey Stick: Stagnant Income Before Sustained Growth
Capitalism, Causation, and History’s Hockey Stick
Italy's Higher Living Standards in the 14th Century
History’s hockey stick: Gross domestic product per capita in five countries (1000–2018)
Pre-1800 GDP Data Scarcity and Its Impact on Historical Graphs
Data Sources for the History's Hockey Stick Graph
Learn After
Capitalism, Causation, and History’s Hockey Stick
Comparing GDP Levels and Growth Rates:
Growth rate of income
The 'Flat World' of the 14th Century: The Minor Role of Birthplace in Economic Status
India's Progress in Living Standards and Persistent Poverty (14th Century to Present)
Recent Economic Catch-up of Latecomer Economies (e.g., India, China, Japan)
Living Standards Visualization: Pre-1800 Limitations
Latin American Growth
China's Economic Decline
Britain's Early and Gradual 'Hockey Stick' Kink
Japan's Sharp 'Hockey Stick' Kink around 1870
Pre-1800 GDP Data Scarcity and Its Impact on Historical Graphs
Data Sources for the History's Hockey Stick Graph