-  Cultures high on dignity tend to emphasize individual values in their own self rather than value from others. Dignity focuses on internal strengths and fits well with market economies. Example: United States


-  Cultures with honor exist in areas with lower government and policing of citizens. Without strong police and laws, citizens must protect themselves and their families. Example: Latin American countries


-  Cultures of face are seen in  areas with hierarchy and cooperation. Citizens protect one another's image and and obey authority figures. Example: Japan or China. 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Culture describes the norms, beliefs, customs, art, and shared behaviors of a group of people.

Culture

Funder, D. C. (2019). The personality puzzle. New York, NY: W. W. Norton &amp; Company.

The Personality Puzzle

In an easy culture many goals are attainable and accepted as valuable by society. A tough culture has less less attainable goals and fewer methods of achieving those goals.  

Tough vs. Easy Cultures

Cultures that emphasize achievement tend to promote success at a young age and show high levels of industrialization. For example, in the United States, the common children's, "The Little Engine who Could" promotes achievement. Cultures that promote affiliation place a larger emphasis love and connection throughout the lifespan. 

Achievement vs. Affiliation 

Tight cultures expect small amounts of deviation from typical behaviors/norms. Tight cultures are often seen in areas ethnically homogeneous areas such as Hong Kong. Loose cultures are more accepting of behaviors outside of the norm. Loose cultures are often found in diverse areas such as the US or Australia. 

Tight vs. Loose Cultures

Cultures that place an emphasis on the head promote ideas such as creativity, critical thinking, curiosity, and learning. Examples of a "head" culture include Los Angeles and San Fransisco. "Heart" cultures place a larger emphasis on traits such as gratitude, hope, love, and fairness. An example of a culture with a large emphasis on heart would be Miami. 

Head vs. Heart Cultures

Honor, Face, and Dignity 

To what extent do people who are less powerful in that society accept the inequality of power?

Power-distance

How strict the gender roles are and what they prescribe.

Gender Roles

The extent to which a culture's attitude towards risky situations is anxious.

Uncertainty avoidance

Awareness and appreciation of the values, norms, and beliefs characteristic of a cultural, ethnic, racial, or another group that is not one’s own, accompanied by a willingness to adapt one’s behavior accordingly. 

Cultural Sensitivity

Cultural Studies analyze the political dynamics of contemporary culture, such as "pop culture" and its historical basis. Cultural studies researchers review how cultural practices connect to wider systems of power associated with or operating through, social phenomena, including ideology, class structures, national formations, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender, and generation.

Cultural Studies

Focuses on investigating cultural variation, beliefs, and social/cognitive organization among humans. Studies how culture organizes and shapes the world and how humans are shaped by their environment.

Cultural Anthropology 

Globalization is a process of economic, political, and cultural integration that is occurring between countries and peoples around the world. It is driven by advancements in technology, communication, transportation, and trade, and is leading to increased interdependence, cross-border transactions, and the spread of ideas and cultures.

Globalization

Regards the study of how culture influences personality development as well as the role of culture in understanding personality. It seems that both universal and culture-specific factors contribute to the diversity observed in people's personalities.

Cultural Perspective in Personality

Collectivist cultures emphasis the individual as they relate to the larger group. An example of a collectivist nation would be Japan. Individualist cultures focus more on the self and independence. An example of an individualist nation would be the US, as independence and freedom are highly valued. 

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