The first way blockchain technology could improve patient-driven interoperability is through management of digital access rules. Appropriating permissions for release of clinical data is a challenging function that is typically controlled by the data silo owner. Blockchains enable a centralized and shared mechanism for the management of authentication and authorization rules surrounding data. For example, a blockchain may have “Smart Properties”—an entity whose ownership is managed through a blockchain to allow some form of digital property to have clean ownership.