Anterior cingulate and frontopolar cortex are mediators on the interaction between the gene and the environment. The anterior cingulate plays a role in allocating attention in the midst of situations that arouse emotions, which can explain how stress can influence the brain in ways that are responsible for cognitive and affective deficits in ADHD. Similarly, the frontopolar cortex can lead to some deficits in social cognition. 

5-HTLPR Gene and ADHD: Mediator of Interaction Between 5-HTLPR Gene and Environment 

One study examines the interaction between this gene and chronic stressors or adverse experiences in the environment and its affect on the presentation of ADHD. They found that those with the S-allele form of the gene who experience stressors in their environment display more symptoms of ADHD than those with 2 L-alleles. 

Xavier University

One gene that is related to ADHD is 5-HTLPR, which affects the signaling of serotonin. It can be either in a short (S-allele) form or a long (L-allele) form. 

5-HTLPR Gene and ADHD

Shaw, P. (2015). Gene and environment interactions in the brain: A pathway to ADHD? Am J Psychiatry, 172(8).  Doi: 10.1176/appi.aip.2015.15050619. 

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