Psychologists who later formed the humanistic movement objected to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic perspective, particularly its pessimism and determinism. They were uncomfortable with the idea that all human actions are entirely driven by the unconscious mind, viewing this as an overly limited and negative perspective on human behavior.

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The humanistic movement in psychology emerged from a growing dissatisfaction with the dominant perspectives of the early 20th century. Psychologists objected to the pessimism and determinism of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, which suggested all actions are driven by the unconscious. They also criticized the reductionism and deterministic core of behaviorism, which viewed human behavior as entirely controlled by genetics and environment. In contrast to these limited views, humanism developed to emphasize personal control, intentionality, and an innate predisposition for good.

Rise of Humanism as a Response to Behaviorism and Psychoanalysis

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

OpenStax Psychology (2nd ed.) Textbook

Humanism is a highly influential perspective in psychology that focuses on the growth potential of healthy individuals and their innate capacity for good. Championed by key figures like Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, this approach posits that people are driven by a desire for self-actualization. It highlights concepts such as free will and self-determination, asserting that individuals actively strive to become the best version of themselves, which has significantly contributed to the psychological understanding of the self.

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