Note: A basic understanding of cell biology is needed to understand this node.
- Improve resilience/survival of neurons affected by the abnormal (mutated) huntington protein.
- Stem-cell therapy to replace damaged/dead neurons
- Reducing the production of huntington 
- Increasing huntington’s clearance and degradation by inducing autophagy 


Huntington's Disease | Research Directions

Huntington's disease has 5 stages. Stage 2 is where HD is usually first diagnosed.
- Stage 1: Preclinical stage
- Stage 2: Early stage 
- Stage 3: Middle stage 
- Stage 4: Late stage
- Stage 5: End-of-life stage

Huntington's Disease (HD) | Stages

- Inherited in an autosomal dominant manner (i.e., one mutant copy of the gene is enough to cause symptoms)
- CAG segment in the gene Huntington is repeated too many times, leading to the formation of an abnormal huntington protein

Genetics of Huntington's Disease

- The striatum -- critical for mood, motor, and behavior control -- is most severely affected, though many other regions get affected in the late stages.
- Hence, motor control (e.g., involuntary movements), behavior control, mental health (e.g., major depression, OCD), and cognition are impaired.
- Patients often describe their condition as having Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and ALS simultaneously.

Huntington's Disease (HD) | Symptoms and Brain Regions Affected

- The motor (movement-related) symptoms of HD usually start in the 40s and 50s, with other subtle changes possibly starting much earlier.
- However, 10% of patients start to have motor symptoms after age 60, and 10% have juvenile-onset HD (i.e., motor symptoms occur before age 20).

Huntington's Disease (HD) | Age of Onset

- Current treatments cannot even slow HD progression, although they can alleviate HD symptoms.



Huntington's Disease (HD) | Current Treatments

General Sources (e.g., reliable websites, textbooks)
- HOPES (Huntington's Outreach Project For Education) Stanford University
- Huntington's Disease Society of America
- MedicineNet
- Medline Plus | U.S. National Library of Medicine
- Wikipedia

Journals (No journals used yet)

Huntington Disease References

Mutant HTT (huntingtin) directly interacts with p53, a tumor suppressor whose mutation is responsible for breast cancers, in mice and flies. Although not always, the phosphorylation of HTT can also induce neuro protectiveness in individuals with Huntington’s and can help regulate cell differentiation and localization. Overall, there is 80% less rate of cancer amongst people with Huntington's than the normal population.

Connection Between Cancer and Huntington's

- An Inherited, adult-onset, eventually fatal brain disease.
- About 41,000 Americans have HD symptoms; 200,000 are at-risk of inheriting HD


University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

- Parkinson's Disease (PD)
- Huntington's Disease (HD)
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Creutzfield Jakob Disease (CJD)
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- Alzheimer's Disease (AD)

Examples of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Huntington's Disease Society of America

Huntington's Disease (HD) | Introduction

Alzheimer's disease is a specific type of dementia characterized as an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, which is understood to have a genetic basis. It gradually destroys memory and cognitive skills, eventually impairing the ability to perform simple tasks like walking, talking, and eating. This severe cognitive decline is associated with the formation of plaques in the brain resulting from cell death.

Alzheimer's Disease

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder. It is caused when the nerve cells that produce domaine in one’s brain die.

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