The HPA axis is a valuable part of the neuroendocrine and is the regulation of the body's stress levels. Under psychological conditions, glucocorticoid negatively feeds back to the brain by regulating monoamine neurotransmitter release, inhibiting the activity of HPA and weakening the stress response. Consistent and high levels of glucocorticoids can lead to abnormal release of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain. 

University of Illinois at Chicago

Many previous studies have found that early life stress can induce microglia vulnerability in later life by changing gene expression, morphology and phagocytic activity. Chronic stress has also been shown to cause depressive symptoms by affecting microglia's pruning ability and synaptic plasticity. Stressful lives during adolescence can cause rapid microglia changes in distribution/function that can affect synaptic and neuronal development.

Microglia Vulnerability

Jiang, Y., Zou, D., Li, Y., Gu, S., Dong, J., Ma, X., Xu, S., Wang, F., & Huang, J. H. (2022, September 28). Monoamine neurotransmitters control basic emotions and affect major depressive disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9611768/#:~:text=The%20dopamine%20(DA)%20system%20is,flight”%20behavior%20during%20stressful%20events. 

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