Hajat, A., Hsia, C., & O'Neill, M. S. (2015). Socioeconomic Disparities and Air Pollution Exposure: a Global Review. Current environmental health reports, 2(4), 440–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-015-0069-5


Socioeconomic Disparities and Air Pollution Exposure: A Global Review


Method Used to Test the Hypothesis:

The method used to test the hypothesis was to review empirical data from previous studies conducted over the past ten years and to include research from around the globe to provide a generalized global perspective. The study only focused on SES and not demographic info.  The study used 37 studies, 22 from North America, 10 from Europe, and 5 from New Zealand, Asia, and Africa.

Methods for Testing the Hypothesis 

Communities with a low SES experience higher exposure rates to air pollutants and other environmental hazards, increased susceptibility to poor health, which results in health disparities that are driven by environmental factors.

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Indiana University

Air pollution in the context of Environmental Justice is limited to what the EPA and other governmental agencies in other nations regulate.  These pollutant measurements are set by the World Health Organization and individual governments around the world.  

The primary air pollutants that are regulated in outdoor air include: 

•Air particle/Particle Matter 2.5(PM 2.5, <2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter)

•Air Particle/Particle Matter (PM 10, <10 μm in aerodynamic diameter)

•Carbon Monoxide (CO)

•Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

•Ozone (O3)

•Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

•Lead  


Air Pollution

Socioeconomic Status or SES is a complex construct that combines multiple social and economic factors to measure an individual or group's position socially and economically relative to others.  These factors typically include but are not limited to income level, educational level, and occupation.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Local undesirable land uses or (LULU), such as roads, factories, and other industrial facilities.  Other industrial facilities include heavy industrial agricultural operations, livestock facilities, and mineral or natural resource gathering operations.

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