Ideological polarization is when the public becomes increasingly divided on substantive policy issues or in terms of ideology.

Wesleyan University

Political polarization is the process wherein public divides on policy, ideology, and even identity increase. It is often characterized by public opinion shifting to opposing “poles” or extremes. There are multiple types of polarization, namely ideological polarization and affective polarization.

Political polarization

Ideological polarization

Affective polarization is when the public’s ideological divides become increasingly identity-laden. People will associate their viewpoints with a fixed identity and are less likely to compromise their values or even interact with people holding opposing viewpoints.

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