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In correlational research, the specific methods and environments used to measure variables do not alter the study's methodological classification. It does not matter whether data is collected in a highly controlled laboratory using computerized tasks or in a naturalistic field setting using self-report surveys; as long as the researcher simply measures the variables as they naturally occur without manipulating an independent variable, the study remains correlational.

Data Collection in Correlational Research

A correlational study can be conducted in a highly controlled laboratory environment using precise instruments. For example, a researcher could have participants come to a lab to complete two computerized assessments—such as a backward digit span task and a risky decision-making task—and then analyze the statistical relationship between the scores. Because the researcher only measures the variables without manipulating an independent variable, the study is correlational.

Example of Laboratory Correlational Research

Correlational studies can be conducted in everyday, naturalistic field environments using self-report methods. For instance, a researcher might visit a shopping mall to survey people about their environmental attitudes and their typical shopping habits. By assessing the statistical relationship between these two measured variables without manipulating any conditions, the study remains fundamentally correlational.

Example of Field Correlational Research

If a researcher collects data in a highly controlled laboratory rather than a naturalistic field setting, the study can no longer be classified as correlational.

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