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To calculate a percentile rank, one counts the number of scores in a distribution that fall below a specific value and converts that count into a percentage of the total number of scores. For example, in a distribution of $$40$$ self-esteem scores, if $$32$$ of the scores are strictly lower than $$23$$, the percentile rank for a score of $$23$$ is calculated as $$(32 / 40) 	imes 100 = 80\%$$. Therefore, a student with a score of $$23$$ has a percentile rank of $$80$$, meaning they scored higher than $$80\%$$ of the individuals who took the test.

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