University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience. This process of acquiring new knowledge and skills allows an organism to adapt to its environment. Unlike innate behaviors such as instincts and reflexes, which are genetically predetermined, learning involves change and is dependent on experience.

Definition of Learning

The process of teaching and receiving instruction to facilitate learning knowledge, skills, behaviors, values, beliefs.

Education

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The materials that help teachers and learners reach their goals are called learning content.

Learning Content

Disorders of Learning

A central inquiry in psychology is understanding the precise mechanisms of learning. Key questions explore the specific processes at work that enable individuals to acquire knowledge and skills, transforming experience and information into understanding.

Fundamental Questions about the Learning Process

Both learned behaviors and innate behaviors, such as instincts and reflexes, are crucial for an organism's adaptation to its environment. The fundamental difference lies in their origin: innate behaviors are genetically predetermined and do not require experience, whereas learned behaviors are acquired through experience, resulting in a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge.

Learned vs. Innate Behaviors as Adaptive Mechanisms

Complex learning, such as mastering a new skill or academic discipline, is not a monolithic process. It involves a sophisticated interplay between both conscious and unconscious mental activities.

Conscious and Unconscious Processes in Learning

Associative learning is a form of learning where connections or associations are made between events that occur together in the environment. Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning are classified as forms of associative learning.

Associative Learning

The three fundamental types of learning are classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning. These processes are distinguished by the nature of the associations formed and the level of consciousness involved. Classical conditioning typically involves unconscious processes, operant conditioning involves conscious processes, and observational learning incorporates social and cognitive dimensions into the associative processes.

Comparison of the Three Basic Forms of Learning

While the approaches within behaviorism are fundamental to understanding learning, they do not encompass the entire field. Separate and distinct traditions for studying learning have developed within other areas of psychology, such as those focused on memory and cognition. A comprehensive understanding of learning requires considering these alternative perspectives, which often converge with behaviorist principles over time.

Learning Perspectives Beyond Behaviorism

Albert Bandura's key contribution to learning theory was the concept of vicarious learning, more commonly known as observational learning. This process involves learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model, and the consequences of that behavior. Bandura proposed that this form of learning is crucial for personality development, as individuals acquire not just single actions but entire patterns of behavior by watching others. Unlike learning through direct experience, observational learning allows for the acquisition of complex behaviors without personal trial and error.

Observational Learning (Vicarious Learning)

A fundamental component of learning is the mind's natural tendency to automatically make connections between events that occur closely together or in sequence. This automatic association forms the basis for studying how learning occurs.

Connecting Events in Learning

Julian must spend significant time training with his surfboard to acquire the skill of riding waves, which is an example of learning because it is a behavior developed through experience rather than being innate.

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