Disorientation has a significant negative impact in the efficiency of concept maps.

Johns Hopkins University

1. Salience of the map structure is significantly associated with disorientation, but not extraneous cognitive load. 
2. The number of nodes did not have a great effect on cognitive load. 

How the design and complexity of concept maps influence cognitive learning processes

Krieglstein, F., Schneider, S., Beege, M., & Rey, G. D. (2022). How the design and complexity of concept maps influence cognitive learning processes. Educational technology research and development, 70(1), 99-118.

1. Few vs. many nodes: In the concept map with fewer nodes, each node contains a greater amount of information. However, this difference in the amount of information in each node is not extremely prominent, mostly about 2 to 3 times as much, e.g., a phrase/word vs. a few phrases/words. 
2. Salience: A concept map with high salience puts the nodes physically closer to each other. 


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