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If a study uses reaction time as a dependent variable, stable individual differences (such as variations in participants' nervous systems and muscles) will naturally cause some individuals to be faster or slower. In a between-subjects ANOVA, these differences add to the within-groups variance ($$MS_W$$), decreasing the $$F$$-ratio. In a repeated-measures ANOVA, these differences are measured and subtracted from $$MS_W$$, increasing the test's sensitivity.

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