In a market for bicycles, a per-unit tax has been implemented. An economic analysis of the market after the tax reveals the following outcomes:

• Consumer Surplus = $4,500
• Producer Surplus = $2,500
• Government Tax Revenue = $2,000
• Deadweight Loss = $1,000

Based on this information, what is the total surplus in this market?

An economic analyst states that to measure the total gains from trade in a market with a per-unit tax, one must sum the consumer surplus and the producer surplus. Why is this approach to calculating total surplus incomplete?

In a market where a per-unit tax is imposed, the total surplus is calculated by adding consumer surplus and producer surplus, and then subtracting the deadweight loss.

Calculating Total Surplus with a Tax

Evaluating the Social Gain from an Environmental Tax

Consider a standard supply and demand graph for a market where a per-unit tax has been imposed. The tax results in a new, lower quantity exchanged. The area representing consumer surplus is labeled 'A'. The area representing producer surplus is labeled 'F'. The rectangular area representing government tax revenue is composed of two parts, labeled 'B' and 'D'. The two triangular areas representing the loss of surplus due to the tax are labeled 'C' and 'E'. Which expression correctly calculates the total surplus in this market with the tax?

Evaluating the Societal Impact of Taxation

Deconstructing Total Surplus with a Tax

When a tax is imposed on a market, the economic welfare is distributed among different parties and the overall market outcome changes. Match each economic concept below to its correct definition in the context of a taxed market.

A government imposes a per-unit tax on a product. However, due to severe administrative inefficiency, all the tax revenue collected is wasted and provides no benefit to society. In this specific situation, what is the correct way to calculate the total surplus generated by the market?

Consider a market where, before any tax, the equilibrium price is $10 and the equilibrium quantity is 100 units. The demand curve for this market intersects the price axis at$20, and the supply curve originates from the price axis at $0. A per-unit tax is then imposed, causing the quantity traded in the market to fall to 80 units. With the tax, consumers pay a price of$12 per unit, while producers receive a price of $8 per unit. What is the total surplus in this market after the tax is implemented?

Before a tax was imposed, the total surplus in a market was $1,500. After the tax, the consumer surplus is$600, the producer surplus is $400, and the deadweight loss is$200. Based on this information, the revenue collected by the government must be $____.

When a tax is imposed on a market, the total surplus is correctly measured by the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus alone, because the tax revenue simply represents a transfer of funds from buyers and sellers to the government.

Calculating Total Surplus in a Taxed Market

In a market where a per-unit tax has been imposed, the total surplus is calculated by summing three distinct components. Match each component with its correct description.

In a market for widgets, a per-unit tax has been implemented. After the tax, the total surplus is calculated to be $9,500. The consumer surplus is$4,000, and the producer surplus is $3,500. The government's tax revenue must therefore be$____.

Justifying the Components of Total Surplus

Evaluating the Societal Impact of a Tax

A government imposes a $1 per-unit tax on the sale of widgets. After the tax is implemented, 100 widgets are sold. The resulting consumer surplus is$200, and the producer surplus is $150. A market analyst makes the following claim: 'The total gain to society from this market is now only$350, representing the sum of the surpluses for the buyers and sellers.' Based on the standard definition of total surplus in a taxed market, which of the following statements provides the most accurate analysis of the analyst's claim?

In the market for bicycles, a tax is imposed. After the tax, the annual consumer surplus is $200,000, the annual producer surplus is$150,000, and the government collects $100,000 in tax revenue. An economist correctly calculates that the total surplus in this market is$450,000. What is the most accurate interpretation of this $450,000 figure?

Comparison of Total Surplus Before and After the Salt Tax (Figure 8.24)