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In a study by Oakes (1986), $$60\%$$ of professional researchers incorrectly believed that a $$p$$-value of $$0.01$$ in an independent-samples $$t$$-test with $$20$$ participants in each sample indicated a $$99\%$$ probability that the results would replicate. This finding demonstrates a widespread misunderstanding of statistical significance even among experienced psychological researchers.

Example of Researcher Misinterpretation of p-values

In a study by Oakes (1986), the majority of professional psychological researchers incorrectly believed that a p-value of 0.01 indicated a 99% probability that the results would replicate.

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