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Although visual inspection remains the primary analytic tool, formal statistical procedures are increasingly utilized as supplementary methods in single-subject research. One statistical approach mirrors group research by calculating the mean and standard deviation for each participant's responses under different conditions, followed by the application of inferential tests like the $$t$$ test or analysis of variance to formally compare these conditions.

Statistical Analysis in Single-Subject Research

The percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) is a statistical metric used in single-subject research to summarize the effectiveness of an intervention. It is calculated by identifying the percentage of responses in a treatment condition that are more extreme than the single most extreme response recorded in the corresponding control or baseline condition. For example, in a study by Hall and his colleagues, all measurements of Robbie's study time during the first treatment condition were greater than the single highest measurement recorded during his initial baseline phase. This resulted in a PND of $$100\%$$, indicating a very strong treatment effect. Generally, a higher percentage of non-overlapping data signifies a more robust treatment effect.

Percentage of Non-Overlapping Data

The percentage of non-overlapping data (PND) is a statistical metric used to summarize data in single-subject research. It is defined as the percentage of responses in the treatment condition that are more extreme than the most extreme response in a relevant control condition. A greater percentage of non-overlapping data indicates a stronger treatment effect.

In single-subject research, how are formal statistical procedures, such as the t test or analysis of variance, typically utilized?

To apply formal statistical procedures in single-subject research, a researcher might calculate the mean and standard deviation of a single participant's responses under different conditions and then use an inferential test to formally compare those conditions.

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