A reflection step critiques or revises an output, but self-review can repeat the same blind spot. Ground it in criteria, tests, retrieved evidence, or a differently informed reviewer.

Reflection Needs Independent Evidence

Multiple agents can propose and challenge reasoning, but shared model biases or persuasive style may create false consensus. A judge needs evidence criteria independent of rhetoric.

Debate Diversifies Arguments, Not Ground Truth

A reasoning graph can branch, merge, revise, and reuse intermediate hypotheses rather than form one chain. It needs state equivalence, evidence labels, pruning, and a final verification criterion.

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