In humans, instincts may include behaviors such as an infant's rooting for a nipple and sucking.

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As an early contributor to research on motivation, William James theorized that human behavior is driven by various instincts that aid in survival. Although he proposed a list of several dozen special human instincts, his exact definitions were controversial among his contemporaries, who formulated their own differing lists.

William James's Theory of Instincts

Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020, April 22). Psychology (2nd ed.). OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction

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