A type of reasoning in which, when people are using information-based reasoning, they have access to both associative and systematic strategies. 

University of Michigan - Ann Arbor

1. creating the appearance of a culturally relevant “legitimate” question 
2. framing the issue as an identity-based rather than an information-based concern
3. presenting a clear identity-based choice, and framing alternative choices as identity threatening.

Steps Taken for a "Deformer" to  Effectively Provide Disinformation 

Oyserman, D., & Dawson, A. (2020). Your fake news, our facts: Identity-based motivation shapes what we believe, share, and accept. In R. Greifeneder, M. Jaffé, E. J. New- man, & N. Schwarz (Eds.), The psychology of fake news: Accepting, sharing, and correcting misinformation (pp. 173–195). London: Routledge. 

Your fake news, our facts: Identity-based motivation shapes what we believe, share, and accept

Information-based reasoning

A "legitimate" question is considered to have more than one answer that is possible. On the other hand, a "illegitimate" question is not as open-ended, meaning that there should only be one possible answer. Making the question, "should Britain leave the EU?", a crucial part of the Brexit campaign converted the question itself into a legitimate question, resulting in strong polarization amongst British citizens.

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