San Jose State University

1- Initiation

2- Selection

3- Exploration

4- Formulation

5- Collection

6- Presentation



Stages of the Information Search Process

The ISP model identifies three domains of experience common to each stage: 
- the affective (feelings)
- the cognitive (thoughts)
- the physical (actions)

Domains of Experience in the Information Search Process

Kuhlthau, C. (2019). Information Search Process. Rutgers University.    https://wp.comminfo.rutgers.edu/ckuhlthau/information-search-process/ 

Information Search Process

Information Search Process Stages and Domains Model 

When a user becomes aware of a knowledge gap or information need. 

1 - Initiation Stage of the Information Search Process

When a user identifies the topic or problem to research in order to fill their information gap.

2 - Selection Stage of the Information Search Process

Locating information about a general topic to understand the general idea and start connecting more specific topics. 

3 - Exploration Stage of the Information Search Process

When a searcher continues to refine a search process to obtain more accurate information.

4 - Formulation Stage of the Information Search Process

When a searcher finds the specific information they are looking for and is able to search for similar sources now that they've refined their search. 

5 - Collection Stage of the Information Search Process

The search is complete and the information collected brings about a new understanding. The searcher is now able to explain the topic to others or utilize the new knowledge. 

6 - Presentation Stage of the Information Search Process

Through each stage of the Information Search Process, users are likely navigating certain feelings including uncertainty, interest, or confidence. 

The Affective Experience in Information Search Process

Through each stage of the Information Search Process, users are likely navigating certain feelings including uncertainty, interest, or confidence.

Through each stage of the Information Search Process, users engage their cognitive process using their personal knowledge and interpretations of the information content.

The Cognitive Experience in Information Search Process

Through each stage of the Information Search Process, users perform actions that direct their search process like clicking on certain sources over others, using hyperlinks, engaging filters, etc..

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