- Synthetic DNAs (INO-4800) are much easier to design and amplify
    - They are resistant to nucleases
- INOVIO was used to create the MERS-CoV vaccine
- Induction of INO-4800 to African green monkey fibroblast (COS-7) and human kidney (HEK-293T) cell lines both showed substantial levels of antibodies in serum
    - Capable of activating cellular and humeral responses within several days after 
       immunization
- Spike protein expression was measured by Western blot to be consistently high 
   and was further confirmed qualitatively through immunofluorescence staining.
- INO-4800 exhibits competitive inhibition against ACE2 receptors and was detected in the lungs that halted Lower Respiratory Disease 

Michigan State University

INO-4800 targets the MERS coronavirus Spike protein. The nucleic acid vaccine by attaching to the receptor-binding site and neutralizing the epitopes. The vaccine has initiated a humoral and T-cell response as well as a spike in antibodies which function via competitive inhibition of the ACE2 receptor which the novel coronavirus also binds to. NCT04336410 is optimized through electroporation.

INO-4800 (NCT04336410) by Inovio Pharmaceuticals

Smith, T. R. F. (2020, May 20). Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19. Nature Communications.https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-16505-0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=ddb555a1-23e9-4402-bbb4-7d2235291c49

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