Without programs that directly focus on children with intellectual disabilities or other learning difficulties, these students may be left with lower job qualifications and real-world skills than in a “special school program.” From various international perspectives, there is an inconclusive, ubiquitous meaning of ‘inclusion’ in educational settings. 

Criticism towards 'inclusive' learning

By 1975 schools started creating ‘segregated integration’ where people with disabilities started having classes in the same building as regular classes, but still completely separated. 

From Isolation to Segregated Integration

The “special school system” was acknowledged as a segregative and exclusive practice. Although dating back to the 1800s, these segregated educational school systems continued to grow well into the 1990s. Children who had intellectual learning disabilities were referred to as SEN (special educational needs) children and initiated the integration/segregation debate. 

University of Rochester

“The education of all children which necessitates serious changes, both in terms of society and its economic, social conditions and relations and in the schools of which they are a part.” 

'Inclusive Education' definition

Oliver, Mike & Barnes, Colin. (2010). Disability studies, disabled people and the struggle for inclusion. British Journal of Sociology of Education. 0142-5692. 

Disability studies, disabled people and the struggle for inclusion

Integration/Segregation Debate

Providing equal opportunities and resources to all students in pursuit of preparing for productive lives as full members of the society. The term was first used in 1994 in the Salamanca Statement, explaining the possibility of students with disabilities to co-exist in classrooms with students without disabilities. 

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