- Decreased mobility
 - Immobility
- Spasticity
- Sustained muscle contractions
- Dyskinesia
- Skeletal atypicalities
  - scoliosis, osteopenia 
  - pathological fractures
  - Hip subluxation

Cedarville University

Health of Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disorders

Raskoff, S. Z., Thurm, A., Miguel, H. O., Kim, S. Y. H., & Quezado, Z. M. N. (2023). Pain research and children and adolescents with severe intellectual disability: ethical challenges and imperatives. The Lancet. Child & adolescent health, 7(4), 288–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00346-7

Pain research and children and adolescents with severe intellectual disability: ethical challenges and imperatives

Medications & Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Intellectual Disability and Co-occurring Physical Disabilities


The steps in the health care decision-making process include: assembling information relevant to the patient's health situation, formulating a diagnosis and prognosis, verifying the diagnosis and prognosis, and deliberating on possible medical interventions that align with the patient's goals or values.

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